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Hindi grammar: Paninian Perspective

Where is the information coded?

Usual impression is कारक can be determined from the विभक्ति.
For example, in Hindi, प्रथमा विभक्ति/परसर्ग (0/ने) indicates कर्ता.

Look at the following Hindi sentences:

राम {0} मोहन को पीटता है.
राम ने मोहन को पीटा.
राम को मोहन को पीटना पडा.
राम से मोहन को पीटा नहीं गया.
राम द्वारा मोहन पीटा गया.
राम का मोहन को पीटना श्याम को अच्छा नहीं लगा.

Problem:
In all these sentences राम is the कर्ता of the पीटना activity. But the विभक्ति of राम is different in each sentence (0/ने/को/से/द्वारा/का).

Solution:

Look at the Hindi sentences again:
राम {0}
मोहन को पीटता है.
राम ने
मोहन को पीट.
राम को
मोहन को पीटना पडा.
राम से
मोहन को पीटा नहीं गया.
राम द्वारा
मोहन पीटा गया.
राम का
मोहन को पीटना श्याम को अच्छा नहीं लगा.
Solution: विभक्ति/परसर्ग together with TAM decide the कारक

How much information is coded?

Data:  Ram opened the lock. >> This key opened the lock. The lock opened.

Usual analysis: Ram is an agent of the act of opening.
                          Key is an instrument, and the lock is a patient.

More Data: राम ने ताला खोला.  >>    इस चाभी ने ताला खोला. ताला खुल गया.

Hint:Hindi uses two different verbs (खोलना and खुलना) corresponding to the single English verb (viz. open).
Typically languages overload the concepts with the same word.

Conceptually :
opening of a lock by a human being, (खोलना1 or open1)
opening of a lock by a key, and (खोलना2 or open2)
opening of the lock by itself (खुलना or open3) are different from each other.

Hindi distinguishes the 3rd one from the rest of the two, by using a different verb(खुलना).
राम is the कर्ता of खोलना1
चाभी is the कर्ता of खोलना2, and
ताला is the कर्ता of खुलना
What is coded is the कारक information and not the thematic roles.

How is the information coded?

Explicit and implicit coding of information

Question: In the sentence,राम दूध पीकर स्कूल गया
                 Which verb (जाना or पीना) marks the कर्ता कारक?


DATA: राम को दूध पीकर स्कूल जाना पडा राम ने दूध पीकर पढाई की राम दूध पीकर स्कूल जाता है

Observation: The main verb assigns the विभक्ति.Other verbs share the कारक.
                       The कारक sharing rules for different tams are different.


Rules for sharing the कारक:
For example: In Hindi, the कर्ता of a 'कर' form of a verb is same as the कर्ता of the main verb.


 
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